12.关系代词
<例句>
I met someone who said he knew you.
我遇到一个人，他说他认识你。
<语法分析>
关系代词 who 代表 someone，又引导从句修饰它，同时又在从句中担任主语。关系代词 who, whom, whose, that和 which可以用来引导定语从句，这类代词都起着三重作用，一是代表前面的名词，二是把从句和它所修饰的词连接起来，三是在从句里也担任一个成分。who 和 whom 都代表人，who 在从句中作主语，whom在从句中作宾语或介词宾语。whose在从句中可以作定语。that可以代表人或物，which 只能代表物在从句中可充当主语、宾语或介词宾语等。
<触类旁通>
(1) The noise that she made woke everybody up.
她弄出的声音把大家都吵醒了。
语法分析：that 代表 noise，又引导从句修饰它，在从句中担任 made 的宾语。
(2) She saw something in the paper which might interest you.
她在报纸上看到的一些消息，或许会使你感兴趣。
语法分析：which 代表 something, 又引导从句修饰它，在从句中担任主语。
(3) The girl with whom I was travlling didn't speak English.
和我一起旅行的那个女孩不会讲英语。
语法分析：whom 代表人，在从句中作宾语或介词宾语。
(4) I saw a film whose name I have forgotten.
我看了一部电影， 名字却忘了。
语法分析：whose 有时指无生命的东西。
(5) Who's the man (that) you were talking to?
刚才和你讲话的人是谁？
语法分析：在从句作宾语时，that常可以省略。
(6) The situation in which she found herself was very difficult.
她的处境非常困难。
语法分析：在紧跟介词时，只能用which，不能用that，而且不能省略。
<巩固练习>
1. The man _____ robbed her has been arrested.
2. The man _____ I saw told me to come back tomorrow.
3. I know a girl _____ mother is an acrobat.
4. He _____ would eat the fruit must climb the tree.
5. The dog _____ was lost has been found.
6. She invited us to dinner, ______ was very kind of her.
7. My dog, ______ temper is very uncertain, often bites judges at dog show.
8. The man from ______ I brought it told me to read me instructions.
<参考答案>
1. who 2. whom 3. whose 4. that 5. which 6. which 7. whose 8. whom
13.不定代词
<例句>
I have no idea about it.
对此我一无所知。
<语法分析>
不定代词no在句子中作定语，此外，every也可作定语。除了这两个词外，其他的不定代词既可用作名词也可用作形容词，大多数在句子中可充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和定语等。
<触类旁通>
(1) Someone (somebody) has turned off the light.
有人把灯关了。
语法分析：合成不定代词 someone 和 somebody 意思相同，都表示“某人”，但只用于肯定句，在否定句及疑问句中通常用 anybody 或 anyone。
(2) Everybody (everyone) laughed, me included.
大家都笑了，我也笑了。
语法分析：everybody 和 everyone 意思相同，表示“人人”、“大家”。
(3) Did any of your photos come out well?
你的照片洗出来都不错吗？
语法分析：any 可代表可数名词或不可数名词名词，在句子中作主语或宾语等，可用于否定句及疑问句，肯定句用 some。
(4) She is in no mood (not in a mood) for jokes.
她没有心情说笑话。
语法分析：no 可构成否定句，等于 not a。
(5) I never saw so many swans on the lake .
我从未见过湖面上有这么多天鹅。
语法分析：many 修饰可数名词，可用在疑问句，否定句及肯定句中，还可与too, so 等词连用，much, few 及 little 也可表示数量，与many 一样，都可用作定语。
(6) None of us would have said such a thing.
我们谁也不会说出这种话来。
语法分析：none 和 no 一样，都是否定词，none可用作主语、宾语或介词宾语及同位语。
<巩固练习>
1. I will tell you _____ of my own experience.
2. If you want ______ , you can call me.
3. I'll take ______ that you don't want.
4. As ______ as ten people were found living in a single room.
5. You've given me too ______ food.
6. ______ went his way.
7. ______ of my parents live in Japan.
8. One of the boys is named Tom, the _____ named Bill.
9. Show me some ______.
10. I don't like this room. Let's ask for _____.
<参考答案>
1. something 2. anything 3. any 4. many 5. much 6. Each 7. Both 8. other 9. others 10. another
14. some的用法
<例句>
She's living at some place in Canada.
她住在加拿大的某个地方。
<语法分析>
不定代词some的意思是表示“一些”，可以用来指人或其他可数的东西，也可以用来表示不可数名词的东西，它在肯定句中用作主语、宾语、定语等。在这个句子中，some和单数可数名词连用，其意义是表示“某个”，这与certain的意义相同。
<触类旁通>
(1) Some of them can speak English.
他们中的有些人会讲英语。
语法分析：简单用法。
(2) Can I take some of these apples?
这些苹果我拿些可以吗？
语法分析：一般在疑问句里要用any，但有时候却要用到本应用在肯定句中的some这个词，这种用法所表达的含义是希望得到肯定的答复。这个例句的所隐含的意思是我很想拿一些苹果，希望对方给予肯定性的回答。
(3) She enjoys some music.
她喜欢某些音乐。
语法分析：some修饰不可数名词。
(4) Aren't there some eggs on the table?
桌子上不是有些鸡蛋吗？
语法分析：some用于反问句或请求句中。
<巩固练习>
1. Did ______ of you catch the train.
2. ______ children learn languages easily.
3. ______ work is very difficult.
4. Would you like ______ tea?
5. Ask ______ secretary to come here.
<参考答案>
1. some 2. Some 3. Some 4. some 5. some
15. all 的用法
<例句>
It has been raining all day.
下了一整天的雨。
<语法分析>
不定代词all在句子里用作定语，与可数名词的单数连用，表示“整个“，它可以修饰可数名词，表示“所有的”，也可以修饰不可数名词，表示“一切”。 all可以用作代词，代表可数的东西或不可数的东西，在句子中可以作主语、宾语等。在句子中, all可用作同位语，后面还可以跟一个定语来修饰它。
<触类旁通>
(1) He has read all these books.
这些书他全看了。
语法分析：修饰可数名词表示“所有的”。
(2) She has lost all her money.
她的钱全丢了。
语法分析：修饰不可数名词名词表示“一切”。
(3) She worked hard all her life.
她一生都很辛苦。
语法分析：与可数名词单数连用，表示“整个”。
(4) The old woman was all tenderness and kindness.
这个老妇人很温柔和蔼。
语法分析：与名词一起用作表语，表示状态。
(5) Now all is chanded.
现在一切都变了。
语法分析：用作代词，可以作主语或宾语等成分。
(6) I have read them all.
所有这些我都看了。
语法分析：在句中作同位语。
(7) I have said all I intend to say.
我想说的都说了。
语法分析： all后面还可以跟一个定语来修饰它。
<巩固练习>
1. ______ these children can swim.
2. Not ______ food is good to eat.
3. ______ of them voted against the plan.
4. She's pretty sick about it ______.
5. Is that ______ you want to say?
6. _____ I desired was leisure for study.
7. She has come _____ the way from Beijing.
<参考答案>
1. All 2. all 3. All 4. all 5. all 6. All 7. all